Chronic Kidney Disease: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to a gradual loss of kidney function over time. Our kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste and excess fluids from our blood, regulating blood pressure, and balancing minerals essential to health. When they become damaged, they can’t perform these functions properly, leading to a buildup of waste in the body.

CKD doesn’t usually cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages, which is why many people aren’t aware they have it. Over time, however, untreated CKD can progress to end-stage kidney disease, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive.

What are the Different Types of Chronic Kidney Diseases?

There are different types of chronic kidney diseases depending on the severity and progression of the condition. CKD is classified into five stages, based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which measures how well your kidneys are filtering. Additionally, there are subtypes and specific types of CKD based on underlying conditions, such as:

• Hypertensive chronic kidney disease: These are caused by long-standing high blood pressure.
• Diabetic nephropathy: This is a result of diabetes damaging the kidneys.
• Polycystic kidney disease (PKD): It is considered a genetic disorder characterised by fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. 
• Glomerulonephritis: It is called inflammation of the tiny filters in your kidneys (glomeruli).

What are the Symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease symptoms often develop gradually and may be subtle at first. Many people don’t realise they have a problem until kidney function is significantly impaired. Chronic kidney disease symptoms include:

• Fatigue or weakness
• Swelling in legs, ankles, or feet
• Trouble concentrating
• Decreased appetite
• Muscle cramps
• Frequent urination, especially at night
• Blood or protein in urine
• High blood pressure

What Causes Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic kidney disease causes are often linked to other long-term medical conditions or lifestyle factors that silently damage the kidneys over time. Knowing the root causes of CKD can help patients lower the risk or slow its progression if already been diagnosed.

CKD occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to effectively filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. Over time, this decline in function can lead to the buildup of toxins in the body, causing further health issues and complications. 

Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Factors:

Several risk factors can increase your likelihood of developing CKD:

• Diabetes: The leading cause of CKD, as high blood sugar levels damage the kidneys over time.
• High blood pressure: A primary contributor to hypertensive chronic kidney disease.
• Family history: Genetic factors can play a role, especially in diseases like PKD.
• Heart disease (CHD): There’s a strong link between chronic kidney disease and CHD.
• Smoking and obesity: Both significantly raise the risk of kidney damage.
• Prolonged use of NSAIDs: Overuse of painkillers can harm kidney tissue.

Who is Most Likely to Get Chronic Kidney Disease?

While Chronic kidney disease can affect anyone, certain groups are at higher risk. Early detection in these groups is especially important to prevent the condition from progressing further. Certain groups are at an increased risk of being diagnosed with chronic kidney disease like:

• Adults over age 40
• People with diabetes or high blood pressure
• Individuals with a family history of kidney disease
• Those with a history of heart disease or CHD. 

How is Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosed?

Diagnosing chronic kidney disease (CKD) is crucial because early detection can prevent or delay serious complications. Since CKD often develops silently, without noticeable symptoms in the early stages, routine medical exams and targeted tests are the best way to catch it before significant kidney damage occurs.

Urologists rely on a combination of clinical evaluations, lab tests, and imaging studies to confirm a CKD diagnosis and assess its severity.

• Medical History and Clinical Examination

A detailed medical history is the first step. The urologist enquires about:

• Personal and family history of kidney disease, diabetes, or high blood pressure
• Lifestyle habits, such as diet, smoking, and medication use
• Symptoms like fatigue, swelling, or frequent urination
• History of urinary tract infections or kidney stones

During the clinical examination, the urologist:

• • Check blood pressure, as high blood pressure is both a cause and a result of CKD
  • Examine for swelling (edema) in the ankles, feet, or around the eyes
  • Listen to your heart and lungs
  • Assess signs of anemia or changes in skin colour (which may indicate advanced CKD) 

• Blood Tests

Blood tests help measure how well your kidneys are working:

• • Serum Creatinine
    Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys. Elevated levels suggest reduced kidney function.

     

  • Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
    This is calculated based on your creatinine level, age, sex, and race. It estimates how well your kidneys are filtering blood.

     

    • Normal: ≥90 mL/min
    • Mild to moderate damage: 60–89 mL/min
    • Significant damage: <60 mL/min (usually for 3 months or more indicates CKD) 

  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
    BUN levels rise when the kidneys aren’t removing waste effectively.

  • Electrolyte levels (e.g., potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus)
    Imbalances may indicate impaired kidney function.

     

• Urine Tests

Urine tests can reveal early signs of kidney damage:

• • Urinalysis
    Checks for protein, blood, white blood cells, and glucose in the urine.

     

    • Proteinuria (protein in urine) is one of the earliest signs of CKD. 

  • Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR)
    Detects small amounts of albumin (a type of protein) in the urine.

     

    • Normal: Less than 30 mg/g
    • Microalbuminuria: 30–300 mg/g
    • Macroalbuminuria: More than 300 mg/g 

  • 24-Hour Urine Collection
    Provides more detailed data on protein levels and waste excretion.

     

• Imaging Tests

Imaging helps identify structural issues or obstructions:

• • Ultrasound
    A painless scan that shows the size, shape, and structure of the kidneys. It can detect cysts, tumours, or blockages.

  • CT Scan or MRI
    Used for more detailed views, especially when abnormalities or complications are suspected.

     

• Kidney Biopsy (in selected cases)

If the cause of CKD is unclear or if an autoimmune condition is suspected (e.g., glomerulonephritis), a kidney biopsy may be performed. This involves taking a small tissue sample for microscopic examination.

What are the Treatment Options for Chronic Kidney Disease?

While there is no cure for CKD, chronic kidney disease treatment aims to slow the progression of the condition by managing symptoms and preventing complications. Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment Options Include:

• Lifestyle changes: A low-sodium, kidney-friendly diet, regular exercise, and quitting smoking can protect kidney health.
• Medications: To control blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels.
• Dialysis: For advanced CKD, dialysis may be needed to filter waste from the blood.
• Kidney transplant: In end-stage renal disease, a transplant is often the best long-term solution.
• CHD treatment: Since heart disease and CKD are closely linked, managing CHD treatment is also vital.

The urologist creates a personalized treatment plan based on your CKD stage and overall health.

What are the Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease?

Untreated CKD or prolonging the treatment can lead to several serious health issues and, in some cases, even death. Therefore, it is important to consult a urologist for early detection and timely treatment. Here are some possible complications of chronic kidney diseases:

• Heart disease (CHD): CKD increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
• High blood pressure: Both a cause and a result of CKD.
• Anemia: Due to reduced production of red blood cell hormones.
• Bone disease: Caused by imbalances in calcium and phosphate.
• Fluid retention: Leading to swelling and shortness of breath.
• Electrolyte imbalances: Dangerous shifts in potassium and other minerals.

Can Chronic Kidney Disease Be Prevented?

While not all cases of CKD can be prevented, especially those with genetic origins, many can be delayed or avoided with proactive steps:

• Manage chronic conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure.
• Eat a balanced diet: Reduce salt, processed foods, and added sugars.
• Stay hydrated: Drink enough water, but avoid excessive intake.
• Exercise regularly: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week.
• Avoid nephrotoxic drugs: Use pain medications only as directed.
• Get regular check-ups, especially if you’re at risk.

Prevention is the best strategy, which is why protecting the kidneys today can prevent serious complications. Get in touch with top urologists in Gurgaon to book an appointment for comprehensive chronic kidney disease treatment. 

Conclusion:

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a serious but often misunderstood health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Whether you’re in your twenties or approaching fifty, understanding what chronic kidney disease is, how it progresses, and how to manage or prevent it can be life-saving.

Chronic kidney disease is more common than you might think, but early detection, lifestyle changes, and proper chronic kidney disease treatment can make a world of difference. Whether you’re managing a chronic illness or simply trying to stay healthy, understanding CKD helps you take control of your long-term wellness. 

Frequently Asked Questions:

Can chronic kidney disease cause weight gain or loss?

Yes, CKD can cause both. Fluid retention may lead to weight gain, while loss of appetite or muscle wasting in later stages can result in weight loss.

Is chronic kidney disease painful?

CKD itself usually isn’t painful, but related conditions like kidney infections or stones may cause discomfort. Pain isn’t a common early symptom of CKD.

Can chronic kidney disease affect mental health?

Yes, CKD can lead to depression, anxiety, or trouble concentrating due to toxin buildup, fatigue, and the stress of managing a chronic illness. Get in touch with a medical specialist to book your appointment at the top Urology Hospital in India for early detection and to reduce stress on mental health. 

What foods should be avoided in chronic kidney disease?

Limit salty foods, processed items, high-potassium fruits (like bananas), and phosphorus-rich foods such as dairy and nuts. A kidney-friendly diet is key. 

Is drinking water good for chronic kidney disease?

Staying hydrated is important, but in later stages of CKD, fluid intake may need to be limited. Always follow your doctor’s advice on water consumption.

Can exercise help manage chronic kidney disease?

Yes, regular low-impact exercise can help control blood pressure, support heart health, and improve overall well-being in people with CKD.

Whom should I consult for my chronic kidney disease treatment in Gurgaon?

Urologists or nephrologists specialise in diagnosing and treating medical conditions related to the urinary system and kidneys. Book an appointment with a urologist in Gurgaon for comprehensive chronic kidney disease management. 

Does chronic kidney disease run in families?

Yes, genetics can play a role. Conditions like polycystic kidney disease and a family history of diabetes or hypertension may increase your risk.